Heredity, Structure and Function - Discussion Unit 6 SC300 Essay

Heredity, Structure and Function - Discussion Unit 6 SC300 - Essay Example Man, being more gifted than all other animals in terms of intelligence has the responsibility of ensuring that nature is maintained. Otherwise, if it were not for the conscience of people who conserve the environment, more animals and plants would be extinct. However, there are those who do not care and are on the forefront destroying nature. Man is part of nature, and extinction of other creatures does have various effects on him. Some plants are of high value as medicine sources, for example, Cascarilla cinchona pubescens, a source of anti-malarial drug (Robalino, 2009). However, due to its overexploitation it is on the verge of extinction. Thus, man loses, as sources of medicine deplete with time. The dilemma that exists in man’s life is whether to give up on the gains from other creatures to avoid extinction or continue gaining at the cost of the almost extinct creatures. On the other hand, man can continue gaining from the creatures; concurrently, he can evaluate his ways to avoid the creatures from extinction. In the evaluation, man can exploit the creatures but at least provide a replacement of the same. In the case of plants, man can opt to plant others after using them. Ethically, it is man’s responsibility to provide protection to other creatures instead of killing them. Man’s efforts to preserve nature’s creatures face many challenges. These challenges include lack of adequate manpower to fight for the preservation of creatures against those who are after them. If I were president, I would take the initiative to salvage endangered species by introducing a policy that prohibits people from utilizing, in any way, an endangered species, not unless one has a permit. Moreover, for one to get a permit, he or she has to provide a valid and credible purpose of the work and provide a way of preventing extinction of the species. The tradeoff that I would make to enforce the policy is providing a permit

An examination of assessment tools in relation to Watson's theory of Research Paper

An examination of assessment tools in relation to Watson's theory of human caring - Research Paper Example Caring Tools that expand the abilities of nurses to assess and evaluate clients in the various stages of health, illness and stress are particularly an important part of the knowledge that nurses should have and ultimately impact on the quality of healthcare. Besides this, Watson’s theory of human caring enables nurses to integrate mind-body-spirit dimensions of assessment tools hence delivering better services to patients. The advent of evidence-based practice means that the use of assessment tools is influenced by the data available on them in terms of cost, length, ease of use and suited populations. When using such data, it is also important to evaluate its validity to ensure that the correct assessment tools are utilized. This study will investigate all these aspects focusing on three assessment tools; Dysfunctional Attitude Scale, Health Self-Determination Index (HSDI) and the Spiritual Perspective Scale. The impact of these tools on assessment phase and quality care pro vided by nurses will be evaluated followed by their application to homeless individuals. Assessment Tools Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS) This is an assessment tool that was developed to measure the pervasive/silent maladaptive cognitive vulnerability exhibited by depressed individuals (Antony and Barlow, 2010). It is based on the view that such depressed individuals bear negative attitudes with regard to life and this can be analyzed through determining the views of an individual to self, world and future. This is what is usually referred to as the cognitive triad that can be used to tell apart depressed from non-depressed individuals based on their pessimism. The Dysfunctional Attitude Scale is a self-report 7-point likert scale that measures the occurrence of attitudes that portray underlying dysfunctions and how intense such attitudes are (Weissman and Beck, 1978 cited in Graaf et al., 2009). The original Dysfunction Attitude Scale was based on 100 items but was later simplif ied into DAS-A and DAS-B parallel forms that contain 40 items only. The result of this is that the DAS test is an inexpensive, easy to perform and relatively short undertaking. Graaf et al. (2009) performed DAS on populations whose demographic factors significantly correlated with depression including the unemployed individuals, individuals who were occupationally disabled and individuals with low levels of education. The dysfunctional attitudes measured among such populations include attitudinal approval, entitlement and achievement which perfectly interrelate with the mind-body-spirit dimensions as put forward by Watson hence resulting in a better assessment by nurses translating to better treatment. In terms of reliability and validity of the evidence, Graaf et al. (2009) and many other researchers have performed psychometric experimental studies on DAS and generated reliable and valid results. This is demonstrated through correlation analyses and actual distinction between indiv iduals with and without depression hence the DAS is safe for application in clinical practice. DAS is particularly important as a tool for nurses during the assessment stage as it allows the nurse to get a grip of the major underlying factors behind depressed individuals and as a result aid in the proper interventional measures for example through pharmacopsychotherapy that will deal with both biomedical aspects and psychological aspects of illness. Perceived Stress Scale Cohen, Kamarck and Marmelstein (1983, cited in Peters, 2007) designed a measurement of the level to which individuals perceived their life situations as being stressful in terms of unpredictability, overload and inability to control. It uses 14 items in a likert scale with responses ranked as â€Å"never† to â€Å"very often.† Seven of the items in the scale are positive and through the test the level of self-perceived stress can be