Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship

Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship Introduction The 21st Century has witnessed integration and increased cultural interaction among people on a previously unprecedented scale. This frequent interaction between people from varied countries and cultures has risen mostly as a result of the advances that have been made in transport and communication technologies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As a result of this interaction, there has been the major integration of economies and cultures in a process known as globalization. As a result of globalization, governments are increasingly being required to link together different levels of their activities: national and global. This has resulted in the building of a global citizenry which sees the world as their country. However, the global citizen continues to be heavily influenced by the traditional notion of citizen, a term that is â₠¬Å"wrapped up in rights and obligations and in owing allegiance to a sovereign state (Lagos 1). This paper shall argue that it is hugely necessary for one to be a good citizen so as to become a global citizen. To reinforce this claim, this paper shall analyze the extent to which it is necessary to be a â€Å"good citizen† in order to be a â€Å"global citizen†, and vice versa. Good Citizen needed to make a Global Citizen The world is full of social injustices mostly perpetrated by the stronger members of the society against the weaker ones. A defining characteristic of a good national citizen in such an environment is his/her concern about the injustices that occur within their boundaries. This concern normally manifests itself in protests and public demonstrations calling for action by the government in place to counter the perceived injustices. A report by the World Bank demonstrates that the global citizen shows the same concern for the welfare of the globe and is m oved to free their fellow men from dehumanizing conditions (1). As such, it takes a good citizen to make the global citizen who will be keen to decry social injustices against other human beings. Core to the agendas of the good citizen is the preservation of peace in his country. A good citizen will strive to preserve peace especially within the boundaries of his/her country. This is mostly because the citizen recognizes the destruction and loss that war culminates in. For this reason, the good citizen seeks to mobilize against all wars through peaceful demonstrations and advocacy against wars. The United Nations declares that peace is a precondition of global citizenship. The global citizen views war and strife as being contrary to his/her agenda. A good citizen who is committed to preserving peace is therefore needed to make a global citizen.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the attribute that a good citizen in any democratic society should possess is an understanding of public policies in his/her country. An understanding of this policies will result in enlightenment on ones country position on issues such as energy, free trade, agriculture and the environment to name but a few. It is only by understanding the public policies adopted by ones country that a person can act so as to shape certain conditions such as protection of natural habitat. A global citizen is also concerned with the protection of the environment and establishment of free trade. It would therefore take a good citizen who is well versed with public policies to make a global citizen. A good citizen is concerned about the impact that his individual actions and daily personal choices have on the country. This is an ideal that is also desirable in the global citizen since as a global citizen should make his/her decisions bases on an awareness of the impact that the decision s will have on the planet. A good citizen who is aware and conscious of the impact that his actions have on a larger scale is therefore needed to make a global citizen. The international community is characterized by a rich diversity of cultures among its people. The global citizen is therefore prepared to operate amicably in this intercultural environment. The global citizen realizes that there should be unity in diversity and nobody has the right to impose their ideology on anybody or any group of persons. An ideal citizen should also demonstrate this values and pay respect to people from different cultures and strives to live harmoniously with them. The good citizen should recognize that differences may exist within members of the country and this should not be a cause of strive. By acting as a global citizen who operates in a multicultural sphere, a person can be a good citizen and exist harmoniously with other citizens of varied backgrounds. Global Citizenship needed to make a Good Citizen Lagos documents that while globalization is acclaimed for having opened up the world and led to the emergence of a global village, the same force has paradoxically resulted in localization and local communities have taken greater and greater importance (9). In such an environment, it is the global citizen who holds the separate entities together and seeks to iron out the differences that the various local communities seek to advance. For a citizen to pass for a good citizen in such an environment (the environment where local communities have taken great importance), he must have the global perspective of the global citizen. It is only by taking the global perspective that a citizen can give fair consideration to ideas with which they disagree.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Good Citizenship and Global Citizenship specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Global citizenship is increasingly working towards making the planet sustainable for all people. The efforts directed to this end are mostly in the form of advocacy for conservation of the environment, reduction of pollution and the reliance on renewable sources of power. A good citizen is supposed to work towards the preservation of the countrys resources for future resources. As such, the good citizen has to be a global citizen who is concerned with making the planet sustainable. As a global citizen, one is expected to be non judgmental and overlook the religious differences that divide humanity. The UN states that the global citizen should have values such as rights to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. A good citizen should also have these values enshrined in them. A good citizen should avoid engaging in religious discrimination since this threatens unity among the citizens of the nation. Discussion This paper has demonstrated that being a global citizen is intrinsically connected to being a good citizen. As such, being a gl obal citizenship implies a responsibility to be a good citizen. However, there are instances where being a global citizen may cause one to be a â€Å"bad citizen†. For example, a global citizen is not expected to advocate for war or side with any party during war. Good citizenship calls for one to back their country when it is involved in a war. Acting as a global citizen in such instances can therefore prevent one from being an ideal citizen. Lagos indicates that a citizen obtains a certain amount of protection from his/her country in return for abiding to some restrictions that the government may impose on him/her (3). A good citizen is therefore required to abide by some laws and allow some bureaucratic control from his/her nation. A global citizen on the other hand does not have any kind of protection and has some amount of degree from bureaucratic control. Lagos states that the hallmark of global citizen is the lack of allegiance to any body of laws to control the indivi dual. In this light, being a global citizen goes contrary to what being a good citizen entails. Conclusion This paper set out to argue that to a large extent, it is necessary to be a good citizen in order to be a global citizen and vice versa. The paper performed a detailed analysis of how a person may be obligated to be a good citizen so as to qualify as a global citizen and vise versa.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This paper has shown that global citizens borrow most of their rights and obligations from the traditional citizen who is defined by a civic engagement to a nation existing in a particular geography. In particular, the paper demonstrates that values such as tolerance, civic education are innate in both the good citizen and the global citizen. However, the paper has also shown that global citizen differs significantly from the citizen and in some instances, being a global citizen may cause one not to fulfill his role as a good citizen. Lagos, Taso. Global Citizenship- Towards a Definition. Mar. 2002. Web. http://depts.washington.edu/gcp/pdf/globalcitizenship.pdf The World Bank. â€Å"Global Citizenship- Ethical Challenges Ahead†. Conference on Leadership and Core Values. 3 July 2002. Web. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTABOUTUS/PARTNERS/EXTDEVDIALOGUE/0,contentMDK:20357631~menuPK:64192472~pagePK:64192523~piPK:64192458~theSitePK:537298,00.html UN. The Universal Dec laration of Human Rights. 2010. Web. https://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/index.html

Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors

Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors Six common writing mistakes by first-time authors, and how to fix them! Last updated: 07/10/2017Today, one oWhat other writing mistakes are authors prone to? And what is the best way to catch them? Let us know your thoughts, or any questions for Lourdes, in the comments below!

Electromagnetism Spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation Assignment

Electromagnetism Spectrum. Electromagnetic radiation - Assignment Example As a wave, EMR can characteristically be absorbed or emitted by charged particles. They also have the magnetic field, as well as electric component that oscillates perpendicularly and in fixed relationship with each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wave energy propagation. Electromagnetic waves are characterized by wavelength and frequency of their waves. In order of decreasing wavelength and increasing frequency, electromagnetic spectrum consists if the radio waves, the microwaves, the infrared radiation (IR) the visible light (UV), the ultraviolet radiation, the X-rays and finally the Gamma rays. In this spectrum, higher frequency and lower wavelength corresponds to proportionately more energy possessed by each photon. For example in this case, gamma rays photon has more energy compared to a Visible light photon. The characteristics of electromagnetic waves are shown in diagram 1 and 2. Diagram 1: Properties of the EM spectrum across each range. Diagram 2: Electromag netic spectrum. EMR is often associated with electromagnetic fields, which propagates themselves freely without the influence of moving charges responsible for producing them because they operate at a distance from the charges that produced them (Condon, & Ransom, 2003). This way, EMR is also referred to as far field. In this context, near field EMR refers to those electromagnetic fields near the current and charges, which directly produced them. The static electricity and magnets phenomena are the best examples of near field EM. In electromagnetic radiation, the electric and magnetic fields are often induced by the changes in electric fields. This makes it to propagate itself as a wave. Such as relationship ensures both the electric and magnetic types of the fields stand in a fixed ration of their intensity to each other and in phase with nodes and maxima found at similar places in space. Electromagnetic radiations carries energy called radiant energy through space and continuously away from its source. They also carries both angular momentum and momentum, all of which are impacted matter upon which EMR interact with. Electromagnetic waves are often produced from other forms of energy when they are created, and they are converted to other forms of energy whenever they get destroyed. The photon is the basic unit and constituent of all form of electromagnetic radiation, and is the quantum of the EMR interaction. In classical physics, electromagnetic radiation is considered produced whenever forces act on charged particles to accelerate them. Fast moving electrons are sharply accelerated whenever they meet any region of force. Electrons are therefore, responsible for the production of most high frequency EMRs such as X-rays. This is because of their associated low mass. Quantum process also produces EMR. This happens when an atomic nuclei is made to under a process such as neutral pion decay or gamma decay. The effects of electromagnetic radiations on biological systems depends on the radiation’s frequency and power. Health effects of Electromagnetic waves In the 21st century, exposure to manmade EMR fields has been increasing steadily with increasing growing energy demand. Changes in social behavior, as well as the ever-advancing technologies have created more artificial sources of EMR. We are exposed to mix of weak magnetic and electric fields both at work and at home from the domestic appliances, industrial equipment, generation and transmission of electrical energy, and in broadcasting and telecommunication. There exists tiny electrical currents within human bodies because of chemical reactions, which occur as part of bodily functions, even where external electric fields are

Mandarin Oriental Bangkok Human Resource Management Practices Essay

Mandarin Oriental Bangkok Human Resource Management Practices - Essay Example Organizational support With talented employees Mandarin Oriental Bangkok provides them with an opportunity to experience working aboard at Mandarin Oriental Hong Kong. Work environment There is a locker room with toilet and shower for both male and female employee.Uniforms and suits are provided by the hotel. There is laundry service for all employees’ uniform and suits. All restaurant equipment provided by the hotel.There are employees’ areas to hang out there before/after work or during break-time, which consist of cafà ©, library, computer room, sitting areas and flat screen TV with Play Station 4 in the living area. Thai customs are applied throughout the hotel, which is the purpose of showing respect between employees. Flexibility The hotel understands employees who have children and allows them to have adjustable work hours to meet their preferred time or have split shift if they needed to. The hotel allows employees to use their public holiday and annual vacatio n usually this depending on the seasonality. In some serious or important the case HR manager will decide upon the case and will inform the employee of the result. Internal and External Factors Analysis The Mandarin Oriental Hotel is a multinational organization that invests in and manages a chain of luxury hotels, resorts as well as residences all over Europe, Asia, and America. This paper analyses and evaluates both internal and external factors in relation to the Human Resource Management practices at Mandarin Oriental Bangkok.

Cashflow Statements - Three examples Essay Example for Free

Cashflow Statements Three examples Essay Accounts Payable increased in both first years, especially in 1990. For 1991 the amount decreased. III) Assessment of the financial strength: Own assessment of the financial strength of the company, why? The Gamma Corporation realizes a process of restructure and acquisition. A lot of purchases of plant, property, and equipment and high values in depreciation and amortization describe the firm’s situation best whilst it is also well managed  from a financial perspective. Even though the reported net income of especially the last year 1991 shows a clear loss - ­? which may indicate a weak financial situation- ­? the corporation is still stable from a finance perspective and seems to prepare for the future. A restructuring reserve has been implemented which proofs the ongoing restructuring process. The net cash flows from operating activities show over all three years (despite a slight  decrease) a financially stable situation in the case of operating cash flows. Also, the corporation still disposes a huge amount of cash and cash equivalents so that no risk of bankruptcy can be perceived. The company has a safe line of cash reserves each year so far. The only thing unclear is the position of â€Å"Other adjustments† in all three years. All in all, Gamma Corporation seems to be on the right track and setup for the coming financial years.

A Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe’s Annabel Lee and The Raven Essay

A Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe’s Annabel Lee and The Raven With insistent meter and captivating rhyme schemes, Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven† are both very similar. However, in their views of love, namely the loss and mourning of beautiful women, they differ greatly. Through analysis of the two poems, the reader observes that whom Poe had chosen for a speaker, the tone and the sound effects are all factors in both poems that make two poems with a similar theme contrast. Both poems mean the same thing and follow the same theme or â€Å"melancholy topic† as Poe called it in his essay. They both depict a speaker who is severely depressed over the death of a beautiful woman. Poe gave a sense of madness in their character, though, which made them obsess and think constantly... A Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe’s Annabel Lee and The Raven Essay A Comparison of Edgar Allan Poe’s Annabel Lee and The Raven With insistent meter and captivating rhyme schemes, Edgar Allan Poe’s â€Å"Annabel Lee† and â€Å"The Raven† are both very similar. However, in their views of love, namely the loss and mourning of beautiful women, they differ greatly. Through analysis of the two poems, the reader observes that whom Poe had chosen for a speaker, the tone and the sound effects are all factors in both poems that make two poems with a similar theme contrast. Both poems mean the same thing and follow the same theme or â€Å"melancholy topic† as Poe called it in his essay. They both depict a speaker who is severely depressed over the death of a beautiful woman. Poe gave a sense of madness in their character, though, which made them obsess and think constantly...

Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1850 Essay

â€Å"His main aim was to himself in power† How far do you agree with this view of Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1850? Napoleon Bonaparte was created by the revolution of 1789. In his 15 years of ruling, he managed to consolidate many of the aims of the French Revolution., However, whilst doing so, Napoleon also destroyed many aspects of the Revolution, breaking the trust and hope the people of France had in Napoleon when he promised to honour the revolution. Napoleon ruled the way he wanted to stay in power. Napoleon was a war hero to the French people. His great military tactics helped him to rise to power. Napoleon believed that the army is the true nobility of a country. His skills as a general were both tactical and strategical. By 1810, Napoleon had dominated all of Europe; his victory made him popular amongst his people and brought praise. However, it this praise and popularity that urged Napoleon to stay in power. He thought that when one when does bring victory, then the people would soon get bored and uninterested, thus Napoleon became ruthless and tolerate no argument. This was to prove disastrous in his defeat at Waterloo. Napoleon’s constant ambition to go to war and return with victory was his aim of keeping himself in power. Napoleon domestic policies gained the popular support he demanded in order to keep himself in power. He provided France with a strong centralised government, one that he would dominate when he became emperor in 1801, thus he went against the ideals of the French revolution as people of France wished for an end of the Monarch and one man power. Napoleon wanted to keep himself in power and stand against any threats. He also shaped public opinion by crude forms of propaganda, secret agents, arbitrary arrests and executions. Like a dictator, Napoleon relied on public opinion to prevent hostile criticism. This too was against the ideals of the French Revolution. Napoleon now controlled the media, maintaining his position as emperor. As he once said, â€Å"I can no longer obey; I have tested command and I cannot give it up†. Napoleon also used religion to maintain himself in his high position. Although, Napoleon was not religious himself, as he thought it made people meek and mild rather than independent and strong, he knew the French pubic would not understand or agree with him. His aim was to reconcile the church state; this would gain even greater approval from his people. Napoleon was calculating, intelligent and shrewd. Napoleon granted one of the rights mentioned in the declaration of the rights of man as he made Catholicism as the favoured religion of France whilst Jews, Protestants and Catholics could freely practise their religion. By doing this Napoleon had given the people what they wanted increasing his popularity. Napoleon said his aim was the defend the revolution, this is shown in the code Napoleon which incorporated the great principles of 1789 such as the equality before the law, freedom of religion, abortion of serfdom and careers open to talents. However, although the code agreed with most of the people’s interests, it took away some rights especially those of women and children, as Napoleon once said â€Å"Women are nothing but machines for producing children.† Workers were denied collective bargaining, trade unions were outlawed and women were excluded from education according to Napoleon they did not need education only religion. As the he once wrote†Marriage is their whole destination.† Napoleons economic policies were designed to strengthen France and increase his popularity. To secure the economy and please the bourgeoisie, he aided industry through tariffs and loans. He built roads, bridges and canals. His main achievement was the Bank of France which secured Frances economy. Observing what had happened to the men in power before him Napoleon assumed that he would not make the same mistakes, he knew that he must become both a statesmen and a tyrant. However, he became too confident and believed he was more powerful than ever before, as he once wrote â€Å"Power is my mistress. I have worked too hard at her conquest to allow anyone to take her away from me† While in France he had a police state, he has spies everywhere, he tried to control as much as he could to stay in power. He violated the freedom of the press in article 11, of the declaration of the rights of man, reducing  and censuring the newspapers. Although napoleon changed and improved France, it must be noted that, in his legal reforms especially, all that he was doing was building upon the ideas and activities of other reformers before him. All what he did was consolidation of the achievements and developments of the revolution, there is however absence in social reforms as Napoleon cared little and had not much interest in economic or social matters and did not aim at improving standards of living as he said â€Å" France has more need of me than I have of France.† Thus, although Napoleon changed France and improved its conditions much of it was only done, in order to keep his popularity and maintain his position in power. Napoleon from the start knew he was great, therefore he rose to achieve the power he wanted, like all dictators he has ambition. One that cared more for power than others, one that did not know when the possible ended and the impossible began.

Generic devolopment proces

The work undertaken so far has proven that the development of a process map is gaining momentum within the construction industry as a whole. The Lethal inspired CRISP (Construction Research and Innovation Strategy Panel) community has in principle adopted the Process Protocol as a basis for its activities in terms of promoting process thinking in the construction industry. 2. Introduction The need for improvement to the conventional design and construction process in the construction industry is well reported. Emerson (1962), Bankable (1964), and Lethal (1994) have all commented upon the need for change, and each highlight similar problem areas.Fundamentally, the need for improvement is related to the poor performance commonly associated with building projects. Typically, this performance is measured in terms of cost, time and/or quality. Unfortunately, it is the UK Construction Industry response to the need for change that has perpetuated and even perhaps fostered this problem. For example, Franks (1990) and Master (1992) presented the evolution of the range of procurement systems currently on offer to potential construction project clients as driven ultimately by the ‘product' view, and the need to optimism cost, time and quality. Yet, whilst many of the more recent approaches to construction procurement (I. E.Design and Build, Construction Management) apparently attempt to address ‘process issues', such as communication, in reality they fundamentally fail. In a survey conducted by Hubbard & Disbarred (1996), a sample of 64 respondents (representing both clients and consultants) demonstrated that contract time performance was a factor considered to be relatively insignificant, when compared to there problems commonly associated with construction projects as shown in table 2. 1. Furthermore, Mortgaged & Shari (1996) reported that from a total of 21 5 projects surveyed, 136 (63%) were delivered later than expected â€Å"†¦ In terms of the date s fixed by the contract or the dates given to the client for completion. † No. 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Variables Changing requirements Design team Communication Cost control Identification of responsibility Supply of information Quality Design faults Contract time performance Other factors Type of contract Percentage 25 18 6. 3 4. 7 3. 1 1. 6 Table 2. : Ranking of problems with current procurement methods (Hubbard & Disbarred, 1996) Mortgaged & Shari (1996) go on to suggest that it is the ‘expectation' rather than the delivery which is at fault. The conventional process of generating an ‘expected' delivery date is considered the reason for this: â€Å"In some cases commercial, economic or political considerations can be a driver towards setting these unrealistic goals which become expectations and contract dates for lack of informed and unbiased advice.Consequently, construction performance falls short of expectations which were largely unachievable when they ere establ ished. † A number of lessons can be learned from the manufacturing sector with regards to the implementation and practical use of a ‘process view within the construction industry. The area within the manufacturing sector that relates closely to construction and building works is called new product development (NYPD). It concentrates in the development of an idea, need or client requirement to the final commercialism's of the product e. G. A building or a car. A number of similarities can be found between the two industries with regards to the activities used for developing new products.For example they include: ; The start of a project can be initiated internally or by direct and/or indirect contact with the customers ; The development of the product requires the participation of a number of specialists and functions such as: designers, surveyors, marketing, stress analysts etc. ; The successful construction or manufacture of a building or product can only be achieved if all external (suppliers and consultants) and internal resources are utilizes and co- ordinate effectively ; The building or product is handed over to the customer/client and provisions are made for future support. However there are a number of distinct differences, the most important of which is that in the manufacturing industry all NYPD activities are co-ordinate, managed and controlled using a common framework which is the NYPD process.The construction industry mainly, uses ad-hoc methods for achieving the latter and therefore reducing repeatability of process execution, resulting in the same mistakes occurring time after time. This shift into the establishment of a consistent process for the construction industry requires a new way of thinking entailing a change of culture and working practices. Furthermore, it requires: ; a good understanding of current practices and future trends ; effective communication mechanisms of such processes, such as modeling ; agreement of participa ting parties Technology can then be used to enhance integration and sharing of information. In conjunction with a process map, an IT map should enable the effective use and co- ordination of technology based on a predetermined process framework.This paper proposes a process map which consists of a high level process and sub-processes (Activity Zones), which support the various phases of a construction project and the appropriate information technologies. 3. Methodology During the development of the Protocol a number of research methods have been used: 1. 4. 5. Retrospective and prospective case study analysis; Review and analysis of contemporary construction processes and practices; Review and analysis of concepts and practices applied within the manufacturing industries; Process modeling including various modeling tools and techniques; Iterative development using feedback from several industrial partners via interviews and workshop sessions and scenario building; The results to dat e of some of this work will be described in subsequent sectionsPrinciples As a result of the initial review of the literature, and the identification of the industry requirements through additional interviews with practitioners, six key principles are considered to provide the basis for an improved process. They are drawn heavily from the manufacturing sector where process thinking and continuous improvement has been focused upon for some 30 years. In addition, many of the principles relate to recognized problem areas in construction, where significant improvements have been called for (interracial Bankable, 1964; Lethal, 1994). The six principles are as follows: Whole Project View In the construction industry the definition of a project has traditionally being synonymous to actual construction works.As such the pre-construction and post- construction activities have been sidelined and often accelerated to reach the construction stage or to move on to the ‘new Job'. This has r esulted in poor client requirements identification and delayed the exposure of any potential solutions to the need to any internal and external specialists. Any contemporary attempt to define or create a ‘design and construction process' will have to cover the whole ‘life' of a project from recognition of a need to the operation f the finished facility. This approach ensures that all issues are considered from both a business and a technical point of view. Furthermore this approach recognizes and emphasizes the inter-dependency of activities throughout the duration of a project.It also focuses at the front-end' activities whereby attention is paid to the identification, definition and evaluation of client requirements in order to identify suitable solutions. A Consistent Process During the review of existing models and descriptions of the design and construction process, it was quickly established that little consistency existed. In such an environment, the problems enco untered by temporary multi-organizations (TOM) working can be compounded. Luck & Newcomer (1996) support this view, describing the ‘role ambiguity commonly associated with construction projects. Development of this generic Process Protocol provides the potential to establish its consistent application. Through consistency of use the scope for ambiguity should reduce.This, together with the adoption of a standard approach to performance measurement, evaluation and control, should facilitate a process of continual improvement in design and construction. Progressive Design Fixity The ‘stage-gate' approach found in manufacturing processes (Cooper, 1994; ref. Fig. L) applies a consistent planning and review procedure throughout the Process. Phase Reviews are conducted at the end of each Phase with the aim of reviewing the work executed in the Phase, approving progress to the next Phase, and planning the resounding and execution of the next Phase. Cooper, in his third generati on process, saw the need for ‘conditional-go' decisions at phase gates, to accommodate aspects of concurrency. This philosophy is translated in the development of the Protocol's phase gates.Phase gates are classed as either soft or hard, with the ‘soft gates' allowing the potential for concurrency in the process, whilst ensuring that the key decision points in the process are respected. Fig. 4. 1 Cooper's comparison of stage-gate processes (Cooper, 1994) The potential benefit of this approach is fundamentally the progressive fixing and/or approval of information throughout the Process. As Cooper(1994) states, the discipline of the Phase Review activity improved the conventional chaotic, ad-hoc approach of manufacturing to which the Construction Industry of today could be compared. Co-ordination Co-ordination is one area in which construction traditionally is perceived to perform poorly.This perception is supported by Bankable (1964) and Lethal (1994), in addition to many other reviews of the Industry. The need for improved co-ordination was also highlighted by the interviews with senior managers undertaken during the research project. It is therefore proposed that co-ordination of the Process Protocol is undertaken, principally, by the Process and Change Management Activity Zones. (see section 7) Appointed by the Client, the Process Manager will be delegated authority to plan and o-ordinate the participants and activities of each Phase, throughout the Process. The actions of the Process Manager are supported by the Change Manager, through which all information related to the project is passed.In this role, the Change Manager acts as the official interface between both the Activity Zones in the Process, and ultimately the Legacy Archive. Stakeholder Involvement & Teamwork It has been recognized in the manufacturing industries that multi-function teams, established in a development process, reduces the likelihood of costly changes and production diff iculties later on in the process by enabling design and manufacturing sections earlier in the process. Conventionally, many building projects comprise a team of participants assembled specifically to facilitate the development of that single. Consequently, a complete project team rarely works together on more than one project, and, as Somerville & Stocks (1996) argue, this can negatively affect the assembled â€Å"team's† performance.In addition, many key contributors are identified and included too late in the process. Project success relies upon the right people having the right information at the right time. Proactive resounding of Phases through the adoption of a ‘stakeholder' view would ensure that appropriate participants (from each of the key functions) are consulted earlier in the Process than is traditionally the case. This, in itself, will not eliminate the problems associated with TOM working. However, the active involvement of all participants, especially in the early phases of a project, may subsequently help foster a team environment and encourage appropriate and timely communication and decision making.Feedback In addition to the direct teamwork problems associated with Tom's, the ability to learn from experience is also hampered by the continual formation and break-up of project teams. Both success and failure can offer important lessons for the future, yet the fragmented and competitive nature of the Construction industry prevents the benefits of shared best practice being utilizes. The Phase Review Process facilitates a means by which project experiences can be recorded, throughout the Process, thereby informing later Phases and future projects. Competitive advantage will come from how such experiences are acted upon. (shared knowledge may not automatically reduce the competitiveness of companies working in construction.This Process Protocol therefore proposes the creation, maintenance and use of a Legacy Archive acts as a centra l repository, or information-spine (Sheath et. Al. , 1996), for the information generated through each of the phases of the process. The subsequent increase in awareness, project to project, has the potential for reducing risk and improving performance which over time may ultimately meet Lathe's expectations. Process Development Given the apparent lack of commonality in the contemporary understanding of the design and construction process, an attempt was made to produce a model of the process which could be debated and subsequently refined towards a generic representation.The initial model was developed based upon existing descriptions of the design and construction process (inter alai Walker, 1989; Hughes, 1991), some case study data, and reviews of other published models (inter alai RIBS, 1980; Assassin, 1994; BAA, 1995) The DEFIED-O (Integration Definition language O for Function Modeling) process modeling technique was adopted, initially, as the most appropriate means of represe nting this process. The DEFIED-O technique essentially represents a process as a sequence of activities, described by a verb followed by a noun. Each activity has associated inputs, outputs, controls and mechanisms. It is this technique that has been used successfully to represent processes such as Assassin's (1995) Integrated Building Process Model In developing a process model using the DEFIED-O technique, an initial step is the establishment of the activities that will comprise the model. In preliminary interviews and workshop sessions with the project's industrial partners these activities were presented for discussion in the form of an Activity Hierarchy.However, initial reactions to this were poor, principally because such an approach did not facilitate communication of the process, either quickly or clearly. Moreover, it was found that the industrial partners to the project, at this stage, also preferred to concentrate on the general principles of the process, in preference t o the detail of the activities involved. This preference for principles was found to have a certain congruence with other models of manufacturing processes. Cooper's discussion of the evolution of the ‘stage-gate' models in manufacturing (Cooper, 1994), and other (inter alai GAP (1990), Fissions) industrial models, demonstrate this. In such models the graphical representation of the process conveys it's inherent reminisces.As Rousseau (1996) notes, such process models are â€Å"an effective way to show how a process works†. In their definition; â€Å"A process map consists of an X and a Y axis, which show process sequence (or time) and process participants, respectively. The horizontal X axis illustrates time in process and the individual process activities or gates. The Y axis shows the departments or functions participating in the process†¦ † (p. 444) Beyond this convention, there appears to be little formality in the method used to represent a process. Fu rthermore, it could be argued that the elated informality of the modeling process enhanced the contributions of the project's partner representatives.Through several workshop sessions, the model was revised and deliberated by the partner representatives. As Rousseau (1996) argues, this â€Å"participative† approach to design makes any new process easier to accept and use. In an industry with a ‘need for change' such an approach must be considered appropriate. Thus, through a process of gradual refinement, progress was made towards an agreed version, the Process Protocol, which this paper presents. 6. The Process Protocol The draft Process Protocol Model is presented in Fig. . 1 . Essentially, the model breaks down the design and construction process into 10 distinct phases. These 10 phases are grouped into 4 broad stages, namely Pre-pro]etc, Pre-Construction, Construction and Post-construction.Pre-project Stage The Pre-project Phases relate to the strategic business con siderations of any potential project which aims to address a client's need. Throughout the Pre-project Phases the client's need is progressively defined and assessed with the aim of: 1. Determining the need for a construction project solution, and 2. Securing outline financial authority to proceed to the Pre-Construction Phases. In currently acknowledged models of the design and construction process (inter alai RIBS, 1980; British Property Federation, 1983; – Hughes, 1991 provides a comprehensive review), and recently published client-focused guides (CIRRI, 1995), this stage of a project is given scant consideration, when compared to the latter stages.However, the models assume that when approaching the Construction Industry, clients have already established the need'. Whilst there is little evidence to suggest this is not the case, it would seem reasonable to assume that the knowledge possessed by speculative alluding developers and consultants could assist any client in the se early stages of a project. The problems associated with the translation of this need through the conventional briefing stage of design (Reilly, 1987) have the potential for substantial elimination via such an approach. Pre-Construction Stage With outline financial approval obtained, the Process progresses through to the Pre- Construction Phases where the defined client's need is developed into an appropriate design solution.Like many conventional models of the design process, the Pre- Construction Phases develop the design through a logical sequence, with the aim of levering approved production information. The Phase Review Process, however, adds the potential for the progressive fixing of the design, together with it's concurrent development, within a formal, co-ordinate framework. Progressive fixity should not be confused with ‘design freeze', although to some this may be a desired aspect of the process. The major benefit of the fixity of design is the potential for impro ved communication and co-ordination between the project's participants as they pass through each Phase. Given the dynamic market conditions which influence any construction client's decisions, the need for flexibility must be addressed by the industry.At the end of the Pre-Construction Phases, the aim is to secure full financial authority to proceed. Only upon such authority will the Construction Phase commence, and this decision will be easier to make where the extent of the works, and it's associated risks can be readily understood. Construction Stage The Construction Phase is solely concerned with the production of the project solution. It is here that the full benefits of the co-ordination and communication earlier in the Process may be fully realized. Potentially, any changes in the client's requirements will be minimal, as the increased cost of change as the design progresses should be fully understood by the time on-site construction work begins.The ‘hard gate' that div ides the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases should not prevent a Workplace' approach to construction, and the associated delivery time benefits this brings. As with all activities in the process, where concurrency is possible, it can be accommodated. The hard and soft gates that signify Phase Reviews merely require that before such an activity is carried out, approval is ranted. Post-construction Stage Upon completion of the Construction Phase, the Process Protocol continues into the Post-construction Phases which aim to continually monitor and manage the maintenance needs of the constructed facility. Again, the full involvement of facilities management specialists at the earlier stages of the process should make the enactment of such activities less problematic.The need for surveys of the completed property, for example, should be avoided as all records of the development of the facility should have been recorded by the project's Legacy Archive. Figure 6. 1 . The Generic Desi gn and Construction Process Protocol Model 7. The Sub-processes: ‘Activity Zones' The earlier involvement of the project's participants, throughout the process is a significant development of the conventional approach to building. Traditionally, a construction project's participants are referred to by their professional or expert status. Ball (1988) demonstrates how this may be attributed to the inherent class relations associated with each of the professions and expert groups. As with all class distinctions, the effect that this basis for organizational structure in design and instruction has is division.A consequence of this traditional approach, by which even the more recent forms of contract procurement (design and build, management contracting, etc. ) are included, is the poor communication and coordination commonly associated with construction projects. The participants in the Process Protocol are referred to in terms of their primary responsibilities, and are represente d on the Y-axis of the Process Model. It is recognized that traditionally, project to project, organizational roles and responsibilities change, resulting in ambiguity and confusion (Luck & Newcomer, 1996). By basing the enactment of the process upon the primary responsibility required, the scope for confusion is potentially reduced, and the potential for effective communication and co-ordination increased.The Process Protocol groups the participants in any project into ‘Activity Zones'. These zones are not functional but rather they are multi-functional and they represent structured sets of tasks and processes which guide and support work towards a common objective (for example to create an appropriate design solution). A single person or firm can carry out an activity zone in small-projects but in large ND complex projects, an activity zone may consist of a complex network of people and between relevant functions and/or organizations. Since they are multi-functional, members hip of the ‘zones' is determined by the specific project task and/or process.For example Design Management often has important input in the Production Management and Facilities Management activity zones, amongst others and vice- versa. Of the activity zones associated with the model, not all will be discussed here. Most of the ‘zones' are self-explanatory. However, the role of the Process/Change Management and Development Management activity zones will be described, as they present a significant departure from the conventional view of the design and construction process. Development Management The Development Management activity zone is fundamentally the client/customer for the potential project. In the Protocol scenario, it is ultimately responsible for the success or failure of the project.Representing the major stakeholder in the process, it has an important role. It is via the brief prepared by the Development Management that the client/customer's needs are presented and ultimately interpreted. The Development Management is the only constant ‘player' in the process. All other activity zones potentially consist of a dynamic membership, as the needs of the project develop throughout the process. The extent to which the other participants in the process, particularly the Process Management, have authority to proceed is delegated by the Development Management. It is they who will ultimately review the work of the project's participants and sanction progress or cessation.Development Management is responsible for creating and maintaining business focus throughout he project, which satisfies both relevant organizational and stakeholder objectives and constraints. For example, a proposed speculative office development needs to satisfy the developers objectives (say, return on capital) and constraints (say, available finance), as well as fulfilling other stakeholder considerations (say, compliance with prevailing planning concerns). Process / Chan ge Management The Process and Change Management activity zones are essentially the interface between the Development Management and the other project participants. Process Management has a role independent of all other activity zones.A distinction must be dad between this conventional view of a project manager and the Process Management role. Process Management, as the title suggests, is concerned with the enactment of the process, rather than the project. Key to the success of each Phase in the process is the production of project deliverables (reports and documentation associated with each Phase). In this respect the Process Management is responsible for facilitating and co-ordination the participants required to produce the necessary deliverables. Acting as the Development Management's ‘agent', it will ensure the enactment of each Phase as planned, culminating with the presentation of the

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts

Zachary Taylor - US President Facts Zachary Taylor (1784 - 1850) served as Americas twelfth president. However, he died after only a little more than a year. This page provides a quick list of fast facts for Zachary Taylor. For more in depth information, you can also read the Zachary Taylor Biography  or the Top 10 Things to Know About Zachary Taylor.   Birth: November 24, 1784 Death: July 9, 1850 Term of Office: March 4, 1849-July 9, 1850 Number of Terms Elected: 1 Term; Zachary Taylor died after serving a   little more than a year in office. Doctors believe his death was caused by cholera morbus contracted from eating a bowl of cherries and drinking a pitcher of iced milk on a hot day. Interestingly, his body was exhumed on June 17, 1991. There was a belief by historians that he might have been poisoned due to his stance against allowing slavery to extend to the western states. However, the researchers were able to show that he had not, in fact, been poisoned. He was later reburied in his Louisville, Kentucky mausoleum.   First Lady: Margaret Peggy Mackall Smith Nickname: Old Rough and Ready Zachary Taylor Quote: It would be judicious to act with magnanimity towards a prostrate foe.Additional Zachary Taylor Quotes Major Events While in Office: Zachary Taylor was renowned in the United States before becoming president as a war hero. He had fought in the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and the Mexican-American War. In 1848, he was nominated by the Whig Party as their presidential candidate even though he was not present at the convention and had not put his name forward to run. Ironically, he was informed by letter of the nomination. However, he would not pay the postage due and did not actually find out he was the nominee until weeks later.   During his short time as president, the key event occurred was the passage of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain.The treaty dealt with the status of colonization and canals in the countries of Central America. Both countries agreed that from that date on, all canals would indeed be neutral. In addition, both countries stated that they would not colonize any part of Central America.   Related Zachary Taylor Resources: These additional resources on Zachary Taylor can provide you with further information about the president and his times. Zachary Taylor BiographyThis article takes a more in depth look at the twelfth president of the United States including his time as a war hero. You will also learn about his childhood, family, early career, and the major events of his administration. Chart of Presidents and Vice PresidentsThis informative chart gives quick reference information on the presidents, vice-presidents, their terms of office, and their political parties. Other Presidential Fast Facts: James K PolkMillard FillmoreList of American Presidents

Using Namespaces in VB.NET

Using Namespaces in VB.NET The most common way VB.NET namespaces are used by most programmers is to tell the compiler which .NET Framework libraries are needed for a particular program. When you choose a template for your project (such as Windows Forms Application) one of the things that youre choosing is the specific set of namespaces that will be automatically referenced in your project. This makes the code in those namespaces available to your program. For example, some of the namespaces and the actual files they are in for a Windows Forms Application are: System in System.dllSystem.Data in System.Data.dllSystem.Deployment System.Deployment.dllSystem.Drawing System.Drawing.dllSystem.Windows.Forms System.Windows.Forms.dll You can see (and change) the namespaces and references for your project in the project properties under the References tab. This way of thinking about namespaces makes them seem to be just the same thing as code library but thats only part of the idea. The real benefit of namespaces is organization. Most of us wont get the chance to establish a new namespace hierarchy because its generally only done once in the beginning for a large and complicated code library. But, here, youll learn  how to interpret the namespaces that you will be asked to use in many organizations. What Namespaces Do Namespaces make it possible to organize the tens of thousands of .NET Framework objects and all the objects that VB programmers create in projects, too, so they dont clash. For example, if you search .NET for a Color object, you find two. There is a Color object in both: System.DrawingSystem.Windows.Media If you add an Imports statement for both namespaces (a reference may also be necessary for the project properties) ... Imports System.DrawingImports System.Windows.Media ... then a statement like ... Dim a As Color ... will be flagged as an error with the note, Color is ambiguous and .NET will point out that both namespaces contain an object with that name. This kind of error is called a name collision. This is the real reason for namespaces and its also the way namespaces are used in other technologies (such as XML). Namespaces make it possible to use the same object name, such as Color, when the name fits and still keep things organized. You could define a Color object in your own code and keep it distinct from the ones in .NET (or the code of other programmers). Namespace MyColorPublic Class ColorSub Color() Do somethingEnd SubEnd ClassEnd Namespace You can also use the Color object somewhere else in your program like this: Dim c As New MyColor.Colorc.Color() Before getting into some of the other features, be aware that every project is contained in a namespace. VB.NET uses the name of your project (WindowsApplication1 for a standard forms application if you dont change it) as the default namespace. To see this, create a new project (we used the name NSProj and check out the Object Browser tool): Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return The Object Browser shows your new project namespace (and the automatically defined objects in it) right along with the .NET Framework namespaces. This ability of VB.NET to make your objects equal to .NET objects is one of the keys to the power and flexibility. For example, this is why Intellisense will show your own objects as soon as you define them. To kick it up a notch, lets define a new project (We named ours NewNSProj in the same solution (use File Add New Project ...) and code a new namespace in that project. And just to make it more fun, lets put the new namespace in a new module (we named it NewNSMod). And since an object must be coded as a class, we also added a class block (named NewNSObj). Heres the code and Solution Explorer to show how it fits together: Click Here to display the illustrationClick the Back button on your browser to return Since your own code is just like Framework code, its necessary to add a reference to NewNSMod in NSProj to use the object in the namespace, even though theyre in the same solution. Once thats done, you can declare an object in NSProj based on the method in NewNSMod. You also need to build the project so an actual object exists to reference. Dim o As New NewNSProj.AVBNS.NewNSMod.NewNSObjo.AVBNSMethod() Thats quite a Dim statement though. We can shorten that by using an Imports statement with an alias. Imports NS NewNSProj.AVBNS.NewNSMod.NewNSObj...Dim o As New NSo.AVBNSMethod() Clicking the Run button displays the MsgBox from the AVBNS namespace, Hey! It worked! When and Why to Use Namespaces Everything so far has really just been syntax - the coding rules that you have to follow in using namespaces. But to really take advantage, you need two things: A requirement for namespace organization in the first place. You need more than just a Hello World project before the organization of namespaces starts to pay off.A plan to use them. In general, Microsoft recommends that you organize your organizations code using a combination of your company name with the product name. So, for example, if youre the Chief Software Architect for Dr. Nos Nose Knows Plastic Surgery, then you might want to organize your namespaces like ... DRNoConsultingReadTheirWatchNChargeEmTellEmNuthinSurgeryElephantManMyEyeLidsRGone This is similar to .NETs organization ... ObjectSystemCoreIOLinqDataOdbcSql The multilevel namespaces are achieved by simply nesting the namespace blocks. Namespace DRNoNamespace SurgeryNamespace MyEyeLidsRGone VB CodeEnd NamespaceEnd NamespaceEnd Namespace or Namespace DRNo.Surgery.MyEyeLidsRGone VB CodeEnd Namespace

See the dise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See the dise - Essay Example Its economy is strong and prosperous. This country is regarded as one of the finest place for the tourism. It holds almost 80% non- nationals as stated by Boleat (2012). One of the cities of U.A.E, Dubai is known as ‘city of Gold’. Boleat(2012) also reports about the economy of this country by saying â€Å"Dubai has a highly developed economy†. With increasing living standards and lifestyle people have become conscious about their lifestyles and looks. The rapid economic growth of the country has also contributed to improved diets and thereby obesity (Faust, 2012). This information from different resources suggest that population of U.A.E due to the availability of different fast foods and high scale income is directing themselves towards obesity. This fast growth in the obesity in U.A.E ‘s population has made them consious of their health. Different researches in this field have proved that people of U.A.E are becoming health – conscious and they are demanding for clothes that are specifically sports-outfits in which they can easily work out. This information about the need of opening sports clothing company in UAE is provided by Nasser who is form United Arab Emirates. He translated the local papers from there and provided the relevant information which was needed for the research. His information was a guide to study about the living standards, lifestyle, population, education, religion, language etc.Before analyzing the fitness adverstisements in the local megazines and the newspapers, the ethnographic research on the people of U.A.E was necessary. The conclusion drawn upon the information about the people was done with the help provided by Nasser. As U.A.E’s population consists of 80% of non – nationals; multi – cultured people live there. People are mostly Asians, mainly from Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. The languages spoken in this country are mixed Asian languages by the people. Apart from those languages English also

MEDICATION ERROR Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MEDICATION ERROR - Essay Example Medication error can occur at the pharmacy, at the doctor’s office, at home, or in the hospital. Various causes of medication error have been cited including confusion regarding different drugs with the same names, inadequate information concerning sensitivities and drug allergies of a particular patient, and difficulty in reading prescriptions that are handwritten among others (Naylor, 2002). In order to have a better understanding of this topic, this paper will discuss medication error in general, with particular reference to the medication safety, prevention, as well as reporting. Medication should at all times achieve its main aim of relieving pain and suffering, managing symptoms of chronic diseases, and treating infectious diseases. Medication safety is one of the main strategies that can help in realizing this goal. Caregivers, pharmacists, and patients should focus on critical elements of medication safety which are safe storage, safe dosing, and safe disposal. Medicines should be stored in the right locations and under the recommended temperatures (Banja, 2005). Safe storage also involves keeping drugs out of reach of children. It also involves keeping them where they can be destroyed such as in the backpack or in the purse. Medication safety further entails safe dosing; under and overdosing are preventable. This starts by ensuring that the right prescription is made. After that, caregivers and patients should be vigilant in reading the medication instructions and labels in order to take the right dose. The final aspect of medication safety is safe disp osal of medicines. In an event that medications are not needed anymore or they are out of date, they should be disposed appropriately. This can be done through community’s medication take-back program, or by dissolving them in water if they are solid, or by removing personal information and any instructions from the